Table of Indo-European phonology

Basic sound correspondences between PIE and the major IE groups.

Source: Mallory, J. P., Douglas Q. Adams. The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World, Oxford UP, 2006
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PIE Celtic Italic Germanic Baltic Slavic Albanian Greek Phrygian Armenian Anatolian Iranian Indo-Aryan Tocharian
*p ø p f p p p p p h ~ ø ~ p‘ ~ y ~ w p ~ pp p p p
*b b b p b b b b b p p b b p
*bh b f/b b b b b ph b b p b b p
*t t t þ t t t t t t‘ ~ d ~ y t ~ tt t t t [c]
*d d d t d d d d d t t d d t ~ ø [ts]
*dh d f/d d d d d th d d t d dh t [ts]
*k̂ c c h š s th k k s ~ j k ~ kk s ś k [ś]
*ĝ g g c ž z dh g g c ~ t k z j k [ś]
*ĝh g h g ž z d kh kh j k z h k [ś]
*k c c h k k [č/c] k [q] k k ~ č k‘ ~ g k ~ kk k [č] k [c] k [ś]
*g g g c g g [ž/z] g [gj] g g ~ d͡ʒ k ~ c k g [ǰ] g [ǰ]
*gh g h g g g [ž/z] g [gj] kh g ~ d͡ʒ ? k g [ǰ] gh [h] k [ś]
*kw c qu hw k k [č/c] k [s] p ~ t k k‘ ~ h ~ g [č‘] k ~ kku k [č] k [c] k ~ kw [ś]
*gw b v/gu cw g g [ž/z] g [z] b ~ d b ~ d k ku g [ǰ] g [j] k ~ kw [ś]
*gwh g f/u w g g [ž/z] g [z] ph ~ th g [ǰ?] g [ǰ] ku g [ǰ] gh [h] k ~ kw [ś]
*s s s s s s gh ~ sh h ~ ø ~ s h ~ ø ~ s h ~ ø s h ~ s- š s ~ ṣ s [ṣ]
*y ø i gi j j gj h ~ z y z ~ ø y y y y
*w w v w v v v ø w g w v v w [y]
*m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
*n n n n n n n n n n n n n n [ñ]
*l l l l l l l l l l l r l ~ r l
*r r r r r r r r r r r r r ~ l l
*m̥ em em ~im um im ę e a ūm ~ ma ~ a am am a a am/äm
*n̥ en en ~in un in ę e a n ~ a? an an a a an/än
*l̥ li ~ al ol ul il ĭl li ~ le al al al al ǝrǝ r̥ al/äl
r̥ ri ~ ar or ur ir ĭr ri ~ re ar ar ar ar ǝrǝ r̥ ar/är
*i i i i i ĭ i ~ e i i (iy) i i i i (y)a/(y)ä ~ a/ä
*ī ī ī ī y i i ī ī i ī ī ī (y)i
*e e e e e e ja ~ je e e e ~ (- a) e(~ a ~ i) a a (y)a/(y)ä
*ē ī ē ǣ e˙ ě o ē ā i ē ā ā (y)e
*o o o æ ~ a a o a o o ~ u o ~ u (- a) a ~ ā a a e
*ō ā ō ō uo a e ō u u ā ā ā ā
*a a a æ ~ a a o a a a a a a a ā
*ā ā ā ō o a o ā ~ ē ā ~ ē a ā ā ā ā
*u u u u u ŭ u u u u u u u a/ä
*ū ū ū ū ū y y (- i) ū ū u ū ū ū o
*h1 ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø
*h2 ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ~ h ø ~ h h ~ hh ø ø ø
*h3 ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ~ h h ø ø ø
*h4 ø ø ø ø ø h ø ø ø ø ø ø ø
PIE Celtic Italic Germanic Baltic Slavic Albanian Greek Phrygian Armenian Anatolian Iranian Indo-Aryan Tocharian